Вихід 22
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If a man shall steal - This chapter consists chiefly of judicial laws, as the preceding chapter does of political; and in it the same good sense, and well-marked attention to the welfare of the community and the moral improvement of each individual, are equally evident. In our translation of this verse, by rendering different Hebrew words by the same term in English, we have greatly obscured the sense. I shall produce the verse with the original words which I think improperly translated, because one English term is used for two Hebrew words, which in this place certainly do not mean the same thing. If a man shall steal an ox (שור shor) or a sheep, (שה seh), and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen (בקר bakar) for an ox, (שור shor), and four sheep (צאן tson) for a sheep (שה seh). I think it must appear evident that the sacred writer did not intend that these words should be understood as above. A shor certainly is different from a bakar, and a seh from a tson. Where the difference in every case lies, wherever these words occur, it is difficult to say. The shor and the bakar are doubtless creatures of the beeve kind, and are used in different parts of the sacred writings to signify the bull, the ox, the heifer, the steer, and the calf. The seh and the tson are used to signify the ram, the wether, the ewe, the lamb, the he-goat, the she-goat, and the kid. And the latter word צאן tson seems frequently to signify the flock, composed of either of these lesser cattle, or both sorts conjoined. As שור shor is used, Job 21:10, for a bull probably it may mean so here. If a man steal a Bull he shall give five Oxen for him, which we may presume was no more than his real value, as very few bulls could be kept in a country destitute of horses, where oxen were so necessary t…
Відкрити джерело ↗LAWS CONCERNING THEFT. (Exo. 22:1-31) If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep--The law respects the theft of cattle which constituted the chief part of their property. The penalty for the theft of a sheep which was slain or sold, was fourfold; for an ox fivefold, because of its greater utility in labor; but, should the stolen animal have been recovered alive, a double compensation was all that was required, because it was presumable he (the thief) was not a practised adept in dishonesty. A robber breaking into a house at midnight might, in self-defense, be slain with impunity; but if he was slain after sunrise, it would be considered murder, for it was not thought likely an assault would then be made upon the lives of the occupants. In every case where a thief could not make restitution, he was sold as a slave for the usual term.
Відкрити джерело ↗If a man shall steal an ox or a sheep,.... In which the substance of men chiefly lay in those times, and particularly the people of Israel, who were now come out of Egypt, with their flocks and herds, and these lying near together, were the more liable to be stolen; and hence also the laws in the preceding chapter concerning oxen and damages done by them, and oxen and sheep are only mentioned; perhaps chiefly because used in sacrifice, as well as serviceable for other things; not but that stealing other cattle and other things were criminal and forbidden, and to be punished in proportion: and kill it, or sell it; either of which cases would plainly show that he took it away with an intention to deprive the owner of it, and to convert it to his own use: he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep; the reason of this difference, five being obliged to be given for the one, and but four for the other, is, because the one was more valuable than the other, as well as more useful, and also more easily stolen, and therefore the greater mulct or fine was laid upon the theft of it, to deter from it: the Targum of Jonathan expresses the reason of the law thus; five for oxen, because the theft of them hindered from ploughing, or made to cease from it; and for sheep but four, because there was trouble in the theft of them, and there was no tillage or agriculture by them: and Saadiah Gaon observes, that the damage that comes to the owner of the ox is more than that by a lamb, because with it, the ox, he ploughs, which is a creature that was used in those countries to be employed in that service, as well as in treading out the corn: Maimonides (u) accounts for it thus,"the restitution of the theft of oxen is increased by one, because the theft of them is easy; she…
Відкрити джерело ↗With regard to cattle-stealing, the law makes a distinction between what had been killed or sold, and what was still alive and in the thief's hand (or possession). In the latter case, the thief was to restore piece for piece twofold (Exo 22:4); in the former, he was to restore an ox fivefold and a small animal (a sheep or a goat) fourfold (Exo 22:1). The difference between the compensation for an ox and a small animal is to be accounted for from the comparative worth of the cattle to the possessor, which determined the magnitude of the theft and the amount of the compensation. But the other distinctions of twofold, fourfold, and fivefold restitution cannot be accounted for, either by supposing "that the animal slain or sold was lost to its master, and might have been of peculiar value to him" (Knobel), for such a consideration of personal feelings would have been quite foreign to the law-not to mention the fact that an animal that had been sold might be recovered by purchase; or from the fact that "the thief in this case had carried his crime still further" (Baumgarten), for the main thing was still the theft, not the consumption or sale of the animal stolen. The reason can only have lain in the educational purpose of the law: viz., in the intention to lead the thief to repent of his crime, to acknowledge his guilt, and to restore what he had stolen. Now, as long as he still retained the stolen animal in his own possession, having neither consumed nor parted with it, this was always in his power; but the possibility was gone as soon as it had either been consumed or sold (see by Archologie, 154, Note 3). (Note: Calvin gives the same explanation: Major in scelere obstinatio se prodit, ubi res furtiva in quaestum conversa est, nec spes est ulla resipiscentiae, atque ita c…
Відкрити джерело ↗Here are the laws, I. Concerning theft, which are these: - 1. If a man steal any cattle (in which the wealth of those times chiefly consisted), and they be found in his custody, he must restore double, Exo 22:4. Thus he must both satisfy for the wrong and suffer for the crime. But it was afterwards provided that if the thief were touched in conscience, and voluntarily confessed it, before it was discovered or enquired into by any other, then he should only make restitution of what he had stolen, and add to it a fifth part, Lev 6:4, Lev 6:5. 2. If he had killed or sold the sheep or ox he had stolen, and thereby persisted in his crime, he must restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep (Exo 22:1), more for an ox than for a sheep because the owner, besides all the other profit, lost the daily labour of his ox. This law teaches us that fraud and injustice, so far from enriching men, will impoverish them: if we unjustly get and keep that which is another's, it will not only waste itself, but it will consume that which is our own. 3. If he was not able to make restitution, he must be sold for a slave, Exo 22:3. The court of judgment was to do it, and it is probable that the person robbed had the money. Thus with us, in some cases, felons are transported into plantations where alone Englishmen know what slavery is. 4. If a thief broke a house in the night, and was killed in the doing of it, his blood was upon his own head, and should not be required at the hand of him that shed it, Exo 22:2. As he that does an unlawful act bears the blame of the mischief that follows to others, so likewise of that which follows to himself. A man's house is his castle, and God's law, as well as man's, sets a guard upon it; he that assaults it does so at his peril. Yet, if it was in…
Відкрити джерело ↗Мова оригіналу
Єврейські та грецькі слова за цим уривком, із номерами Стронга — від openscriptures (CC BY-SA).
אִישׁ (ʼîysh, H376) — a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term… גָּנַב (gânab, H1589) — to thieve (literally or figuratively); by implication, to deceive שׁוֹר (shôwr, H7794) — a bullock (as a traveller) שֶׂה (seh, H7716) — a member of a flock, i.e. a sheep or goat טָבַח (ṭâbach, H2873) — to slaughter (animals or men) מָכַר (mâkar, H4376) — to sell, literally (as merchandise, a daughter in marriage, into slavery), or… שָׁלַם (shâlam, H7999) — to be safe (in mind, body or estate); figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed;… חָמֵשׁ (châmêsh, H2568) — five בָּקָר (bâqâr, H1241) — beef cattle or an animal of the ox family of either gender (as used for plowing);… אַרְבַּע (ʼarbaʻ, H702) — four צֹאן (tsôʼn, H6629) — a collective name for a flock (of sheep or goats); also figuratively (of men)
Відкрити джерело ↗גַּנָּב (gannâb, H1590) — a stealer מָצָא (mâtsâʼ, H4672) — properly, to come forth to, i.e. appear or exist; transitively, to attain, i.e. find or… מַחְתֶּרֶת (machtereth, H4290) — a burglary; figuratively, unexpected examination נָכָה (nâkâh, H5221) — to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively) מוּת (mûwth, H4191) — to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill דָּם (dâm, H1818) — blood (as that which when shed causes death) of man or an animal; by analogy, the juice…
Відкрити джерело ↗שֶׁמֶשׁ (shemesh, H8121) — the sun; by implication, the east; figuratively, a ray, i.e. (architectural) a notched… זָרַח (zârach, H2224) — properly, to irradiate (or shoot forth beams), i.e. to rise (as the sun); specifically,… דָּם (dâm, H1818) — blood (as that which when shed causes death) of man or an animal; by analogy, the juice… שָׁלַם (shâlam, H7999) — to be safe (in mind, body or estate); figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed;… מָכַר (mâkar, H4376) — to sell, literally (as merchandise, a daughter in marriage, into slavery), or… גְּנֵבָה (gᵉnêbâh, H1591) — stealing, i.e. (concretely) something stolen
Відкрити джерело ↗גְּנֵבָה (gᵉnêbâh, H1591) — stealing, i.e. (concretely) something stolen מָצָא (mâtsâʼ, H4672) — properly, to come forth to, i.e. appear or exist; transitively, to attain, i.e. find or… יָד (yâd, H3027) — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.), חַי (chay, H2416) — alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially… שׁוֹר (shôwr, H7794) — a bullock (as a traveller) חֲמוֹר (chămôwr, H2543) — a male ass (from its dun red) שֶׂה (seh, H7716) — a member of a flock, i.e. a sheep or goat שָׁלַם (shâlam, H7999) — to be safe (in mind, body or estate); figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed;… שְׁנַיִם (shᵉnayim, H8147) — two; also (as ordinal) twofold
Відкрити джерело ↗אִישׁ (ʼîysh, H376) — a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term… שָׂדֶה (sâdeh, H7704) — a field (as flat) כֶּרֶם (kerem, H3754) — a garden or vineyard בָּעַר (bâʻar, H1197) — to kindle, i.e. consume (by fire or by eating); to be(-come) brutish שָׁלַח (shâlach, H7971) — to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications) בְּעִיר (bᵉʻîyr, H1165) — cattle אַחֵר (ʼachêr, H312) — properly, hinder; generally, next, other, etc. מֵיטָב (mêyṭâb, H4315) — the best part שָׁלַם (shâlam, H7999) — to be safe (in mind, body or estate); figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed;…
Відкрити джерело ↗אֵשׁ (ʼêsh, H784) — fire (literally or figuratively) יָצָא (yâtsâʼ, H3318) — to go (causatively, bring) out, in a great variety of applications, literally and… מָצָא (mâtsâʼ, H4672) — properly, to come forth to, i.e. appear or exist; transitively, to attain, i.e. find or… קוֹץ (qôwts, H6975) — a thorn גָּדִישׁ (gâdîysh, H1430) — a stack of sheaves; by analogy, a tomb קָמָה (qâmâh, H7054) — something that rises, i.e. a stalk of grain שָׂדֶה (sâdeh, H7704) — a field (as flat) אָכַל (ʼâkal, H398) — to eat (literally or figuratively) בָּעַר (bâʻar, H1197) — to kindle, i.e. consume (by fire or by eating); to be(-come) brutish בְּעֵרָה (bᵉʻêrâh, H1200) — a burning שָׁלַם (shâlam, H7999) — to be safe (in mind, body or estate); figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed;…
Відкрити джерело ↗אִישׁ (ʼîysh, H376) — a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term… נָתַן (nâthan, H5414) — to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.) רֵעַ (rêaʻ, H7453) — an associate (more or less close) כֶּסֶף (keçeph, H3701) — silver (from its pale color); by implication, money כְּלִי (kᵉlîy, H3627) — something prepared, i.e. any apparatus (as an implement, utensil, dress, vessel or weapon) שָׁמַר (shâmar, H8104) — properly, to hedge about (as with thorns), i.e. guard; generally, to protect, attend to,… גָּנַב (gânab, H1589) — to thieve (literally or figuratively); by implication, to deceive בַּיִת (bayith, H1004) — a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.) גַּנָּב (gannâb, H1590) — a stealer מָצָא (mâtsâʼ, H4672) — properly, to come forth to, i.e. appear or exist; transitively, to attain, i.e. find or… שָׁלַם (shâlam, H7999) — to be safe (in mind, body or estate); figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed;… שְׁנַיִם (shᵉnayim, H8147) — two; also (as ordinal) twofold
Відкрити джерело ↗גַּנָּב (gannâb, H1590) — a stealer לֹא (lôʼ, H3808) — not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles מָצָא (mâtsâʼ, H4672) — properly, to come forth to, i.e. appear or exist; transitively, to attain, i.e. find or… בַּעַל (baʻal, H1167) — a master; hence, a husband, or (figuratively) owner (often used with another noun in… בַּיִת (bayith, H1004) — a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.) קָרַב (qârab, H7126) — to approach (causatively, bring near) for whatever purpose אֱלֹהִים (ʼĕlôhîym, H430) — gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with… שָׁלַח (shâlach, H7971) — to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications) יָד (yâd, H3027) — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.), רֵעַ (rêaʻ, H7453) — an associate (more or less close) מְלָאכָה (mᵉlâʼkâh, H4399) — properly, deputyship, i.e. ministry; generally, employment (never servile) or work…
Відкрити джерело ↗דָּבָר (dâbâr, H1697) — a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause פֶּשַׁע (peshaʻ, H6588) — a revolt (national, moral or religious) שׁוֹר (shôwr, H7794) — a bullock (as a traveller) חֲמוֹר (chămôwr, H2543) — a male ass (from its dun red) שֶׂה (seh, H7716) — a member of a flock, i.e. a sheep or goat שַׂלְמָה (salmâh, H8008) — a dress אֲבֵדָה (ʼăbêdâh, H9) — concrete, something lost; abstract, destruction, i.e. Hades אָמַר (ʼâmar, H559) — to say (used with great latitude) שְׁנַיִם (shᵉnayim, H8147) — two; also (as ordinal) twofold בּוֹא (bôwʼ, H935) — to go or come (in a wide variety of applications) אֱלֹהִים (ʼĕlôhîym, H430) — gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with… רָשַׁע (râshaʻ, H7561) — to be (causatively, do or declare) wrong; by implication, to disturb, violate שָׁלַם (shâlam, H7999) — to be safe (in mind, body or estate); figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed;… רֵעַ (rêaʻ, H7453) — an associate (more or less close)
Відкрити джерело ↗אִישׁ (ʼîysh, H376) — a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term… נָתַן (nâthan, H5414) — to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.) רֵעַ (rêaʻ, H7453) — an associate (more or less close) חֲמוֹר (chămôwr, H2543) — a male ass (from its dun red) שׁוֹר (shôwr, H7794) — a bullock (as a traveller) שֶׂה (seh, H7716) — a member of a flock, i.e. a sheep or goat בְּהֵמָה (bᵉhêmâh, H929) — properly, a dumb beast; especially any large quadruped or animal (often collective) שָׁמַר (shâmar, H8104) — properly, to hedge about (as with thorns), i.e. guard; generally, to protect, attend to,… מוּת (mûwth, H4191) — to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill שָׁבַר (shâbar, H7665) — to burst (literally or figuratively) שָׁבָה (shâbâh, H7617) — to transport into captivity רָאָה (râʼâh, H7200) — to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied,…
Відкрити джерело ↗שְׁבוּעָה (shᵉbûwʻâh, H7621) — properly, something sworn, i.e. an oath יְהֹוָה (Yᵉhôvâh, H3068) — Jehovah, Jewish national name of God שְׁנַיִם (shᵉnayim, H8147) — two; also (as ordinal) twofold שָׁלַח (shâlach, H7971) — to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications) יָד (yâd, H3027) — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.), רֵעַ (rêaʻ, H7453) — an associate (more or less close) מְלָאכָה (mᵉlâʼkâh, H4399) — properly, deputyship, i.e. ministry; generally, employment (never servile) or work… בַּעַל (baʻal, H1167) — a master; hence, a husband, or (figuratively) owner (often used with another noun in… לָקַח (lâqach, H3947) — to take (in the widest variety of applications) שָׁלַם (shâlam, H7999) — to be safe (in mind, body or estate); figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed;…
Відкрити джерело ↗גָּנַב (gânab, H1589) — to thieve (literally or figuratively); by implication, to deceive שָׁלַם (shâlam, H7999) — to be safe (in mind, body or estate); figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed;… בַּעַל (baʻal, H1167) — a master; hence, a husband, or (figuratively) owner (often used with another noun in…
Відкрити джерело ↗טָרַף (ṭâraph, H2963) — to pluck off or pull to pieces; causatively to supply with food (as in morsels) בּוֹא (bôwʼ, H935) — to go or come (in a wide variety of applications) עֵד (ʻêd, H5707) — concretely, a witness; abstractly, testimony; specifically, a recorder, i.e. prince שָׁלַם (shâlam, H7999) — to be safe (in mind, body or estate); figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed;… טְרֵפָה (ṭᵉrêphâh, H2966) — prey, i.e. flocks devoured by animals
Відкрити джерело ↗אִישׁ (ʼîysh, H376) — a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term… שָׁאַל (shâʼal, H7592) — to inquire; by implication, to request; by extension, to demand רֵעַ (rêaʻ, H7453) — an associate (more or less close) שָׁבַר (shâbar, H7665) — to burst (literally or figuratively) מוּת (mûwth, H4191) — to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill בַּעַל (baʻal, H1167) — a master; hence, a husband, or (figuratively) owner (often used with another noun in… עִם (ʻim, H5973) — adverb or preposition, with (i.e. in conjunction with), in varied applications;… שָׁלַם (shâlam, H7999) — to be safe (in mind, body or estate); figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed;…
Відкрити джерело ↗Перехресні посилання
Інші уривки, які спільнота найчастіше пов'язує з цим. Торкнись, щоб прочитати.
А овечку він опла́тить чотирикро́тно, за те, що зробив таку річ, і за те, що не змилосе́рдився“.
Став же Закхе́й та й промовив до Господа: „Господи, половину маєтку свого́ я віддам ось убогим, а коли кого скри́вдив був чим, — верну вче́тверо“.
та як буде він зна́йдений, — все́меро він відшкоду́є, віддасть все майно свого дому!
то вони визнають свій гріх, що зробили, і кожен зверне найперше ціну провини своєї, і додасть до неї п'ятину її, та й дасть тому, кому завинив він.
Де немає биків, там я́сла порожні, а щедрість врожа́ю — у силі вола́.