5. Mose 21
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EXPIATION OF UNCERTAIN MURDER. (Deu 21:1-9) If one be found slain . . . lying in the field, and it be not known who hath slain him--The ceremonies here ordained to be observed on the discovery of a slaughtered corpse show the ideas of sanctity which the Mosaic law sought to associate with human blood, the horror which murder inspired, as well as the fears that were felt lest God should avenge it on the country at large, and the pollution which the land was supposed to contract from the effusion of innocent, unexpiated blood. According to Jewish writers, the Sanhedrin, taking charge of such a case, sent a deputation to examine the neighborhood. They reported to the nearest town to the spot where the body was found. An order was then issued by their supreme authority to the elders or magistrates of that town, to provide the heifer at the civic expense and go through the appointed ceremonial. The engagement of the public authorities in the work of expiation, the purchase of the victim heifer, the conducting it to a "rough valley" which might be at a considerable distance, and which, as the original implies, was a wady, a perennial stream, in the waters of which the polluting blood would be wiped away from the land, and a desert withal, incapable of cultivation; the washing of the hands, which was an ancient act symbolical of innocence--the whole of the ceremonial was calculated to make a deep impression on the Jewish, as well as on the Oriental, mind generally; to stimulate the activity of the magistrates in the discharge of their official duties; to lead to the discovery of the criminal, and the repression of crime.
Quelle öffnen ↗If one be found slain,.... After public war with an enemy, Moses proceeds to speak of a private quarrel and fight of one man with another, in which one is slain, as Aben Ezra observes: in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee to possess it; where murders might be committed more secretly, and remain undiscovered, when they came to live in separate cities, towns, and villages, with fields adjacent to them, than now encamped together: lying in the field; where the quarrel begun, and where the fight was fought: or, however, where the murderer met with his enemy, and slew him, and left him; it being common for duels to be fought, and murders committed in a field; the first murder in the world was committed in such a place, Gen 4:8. The Targum of Jonathan is,"not hidden under an heap, not hanging on a tree, nor swimming on the face of the waters;''which same things are observed in the Misnah (i), and gathered from some words in the text: in the land, and so not under a heap: lying, and so not hanging: in the field, and so not swimming on the water: and it be not known who hath slain him; the parties being alone, and no witnesses of the fact, at least that appear; for, if it was known, the heifer was not beheaded, later mentioned (k); and one witness in this case was sufficient, and even one that was not otherwise admitted. (i) Sotah, c. 9. sect. 2. (k) Maimon. Hilchot Rotzeach, c. 9. sect. 11, 12.
Quelle öffnen ↗The reason for grouping together these five laws, which are apparently so different from one another, as well as for attaching them to the previous regulations, is to be found in the desire to bring out distinctly the sacredness of life and of personal rights from every point of view, and impress it upon the covenant nation. Deu 21:1-2 Expiation of a Murder Committed by an Unknown Hand. - Deu 21:1 and Deu 21:2. If any one was found lying in a field in the land of Israel (נפל fallen, then lying, Jdg 3:25; Jdg 4:22), having been put to death without its being known who had killed him (וגו נודע לא, a circumstantial clause, attached without a copula, see Ewald, 341, b. 3), the elders and judges, sc., of the neighbouring towns, - the former as representatives of the communities, the latter as administrators of right, - were to go out and measure to the towns which lay round about the slain man, i.e., measure the distance of the body from the towns that were lying round about, to ascertain first of all which was the nearest town. Deu 21:3-4 This nearest town was then required to expiate the blood-guiltiness, not only because the suspicion of the crime or of participation in the crime fell soonest upon it, but because the guilt connected with the shedding of innocent blood rested as a burden upon it before all others. To this end the elders were to take a heifer (young cow), with which no work had ever been done, and which had not yet drawn in the yoke, i.e., whose vital force had not been diminished by labour (see at Num 19:2), and bring it down into a brook-valley with water constantly flowing, and there break its neck. The expression, "it shall be that the city," is more fully defined by "the elders of the city shall take." The elders were to perform the act of expiation in…
Quelle öffnen ↗Care had been taken by some preceding laws for the vigorous and effectual persecution of a wilful murderer (Deu 19:11 etc.), the putting of whom to death was the putting away of the guilt of blood from the land; but if this could not be done, the murderer not being discovered, they must not think that the land was in no danger of contracting any pollution because it was not through any neglect of theirs that the murderer was unpunished; no, a great solemnity is here provided for the putting away of the guilt, as an expression of their dread and detestation of that sin. I. The case supposed is that one is found slain, and it is not known who slew him, Deu 21:1. The providence of God has sometimes wonderfully brought to light these hidden works of darkness, and by strange occurrences the sin of the guilty has found them out, insomuch that it has become a proverb, Murder will out. But it is not always so; now and then the devil's promises of secresy and impunity in this world are made good; yet it is but for a while: there is a time coming when secret murders will be discovered; the earth shall disclose her blood (Isa 26:21), upon the inquisition which justice makes for it; and there is an eternity coming when those that escaped punishment from men will lie under the righteous judgment of God. And the impunity with which so many murders and other wickednesses are committed in this world makes it necessary that there should be a day of judgment, to require that which is past, Ecc 3:15. II. Directions are given concerning what is to be done in this case. Observe, 1. It is taken for granted that a diligent search had been made for the murderer, witnesses examined, and circumstances strictly enquired into, that if possible they might find out the guilty person; but if, after a…
Quelle öffnen ↗21:1-9 The guilt of murder was usually removed through the death of the murderer (19:11-13; Num 35:30-34). However, if the murderer was unknown, the guilt could still be removed by using this ritual. 21:1 In contrast to the word translated murder in the Ten Commandments (see study note on 5:17), the Hebrew verb here translated murdered (literally pierced through) indicates clear evidence that the death was not by natural causes.
Quelle öffnen ↗Ursprache
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מָצָא (mâtsâʼ, H4672) — properly, to come forth to, i.e. appear or exist; transitively, to attain, i.e. find or… חָלָל (châlâl, H2491) — pierced (especially to death); figuratively, polluted אֲדָמָה (ʼădâmâh, H127) — soil (from its general redness) יְהֹוָה (Yᵉhôvâh, H3068) — Jehovah, Jewish national name of God אֱלֹהִים (ʼĕlôhîym, H430) — gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with… נָתַן (nâthan, H5414) — to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.) יָרַשׁ (yârash, H3423) — to occupy (by driving out previous tenants, and possessing in their place); by… נָפַל (nâphal, H5307) — to fall, in a great variety of applications (intransitive or causative, literal or… שָׂדֶה (sâdeh, H7704) — a field (as flat) יָדַע (yâdaʻ, H3045) — to know (properly, to ascertain by seeing); used in a great variety of senses,… נָכָה (nâkâh, H5221) — to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively)
Quelle öffnen ↗זָקֵן (zâqên, H2205) — old שָׁפַט (shâphaṭ, H8199) — to judge, i.e. pronounce sentence (for or against); by implication, to vindicate or… יָצָא (yâtsâʼ, H3318) — to go (causatively, bring) out, in a great variety of applications, literally and… מָדַד (mâdad, H4058) — properly, to stretch; by implication, to measure (as if by stretching a line);… עִיר (ʻîyr, H5892) — a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere… סָבִיב (çâbîyb, H5439) — (as noun) a circle, neighbour, or environs; but chiefly (as adverb, with or without… חָלָל (châlâl, H2491) — pierced (especially to death); figuratively, polluted
Quelle öffnen ↗עִיר (ʻîyr, H5892) — a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere… קָרוֹב (qârôwb, H7138) — near (in place, kindred or time) חָלָל (châlâl, H2491) — pierced (especially to death); figuratively, polluted זָקֵן (zâqên, H2205) — old לָקַח (lâqach, H3947) — to take (in the widest variety of applications) בָּקָר (bâqâr, H1241) — beef cattle or an animal of the ox family of either gender (as used for plowing);… עֶגְלָה (ʻeglâh, H5697) — a (female) calf, especially one nearly grown (i.e. a heifer) עָבַד (ʻâbad, H5647) — to work (in any sense); by implication, to serve, till, (causatively) enslave, etc. מָשַׁךְ (mâshak, H4900) — to draw, used in a great variety of applications (including to sow, to sound, to prolong,… עֹל (ʻôl, H5923) — a yoke (as imposed on the neck), literally or figuratively
Quelle öffnen ↗זָקֵן (zâqên, H2205) — old עִיר (ʻîyr, H5892) — a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere… יָרַד (yârad, H3381) — to descend (literally, to go downwards; or conventionally to a lower region, as the… עֶגְלָה (ʻeglâh, H5697) — a (female) calf, especially one nearly grown (i.e. a heifer) אֵיתָן (ʼêythân, H386) — permanence; hence (concrete) permanent; specifically a chieftain נַחַל (nachal, H5158) — a stream, especially a winter torrent; (by implication) a (narrow) valley (in which a… עָבַד (ʻâbad, H5647) — to work (in any sense); by implication, to serve, till, (causatively) enslave, etc. זָרַע (zâraʻ, H2232) — to sow; figuratively, to disseminate, plant, fructify עָרַף (ʻâraph, H6202) — to break the neck; hence (figuratively) to destroy
Quelle öffnen ↗כֹּהֵן (kôhên, H3548) — literally one officiating, a priest; also (by courtesy) an acting priest (although a… בֵּן (bên, H1121) — a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative… לֵוִי (Lêvîy, H3878) — Levi, a son of Jacob נָגַשׁ (nâgash, H5066) — to be or come (causatively, bring) near (for any purpose); euphemistically, to lie with a… יְהֹוָה (Yᵉhôvâh, H3068) — Jehovah, Jewish national name of God אֱלֹהִים (ʼĕlôhîym, H430) — gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with… בָּחַר (bâchar, H977) — properly, to try, i.e. (by implication) select שָׁרַת (shârath, H8334) — to attend as a menial or worshipper; figuratively, to contribute to בָרַךְ (bârak, H1288) — to kneel; by implication to bless God (as an act of adoration), and (vice-versa) man (as… שֵׁם (shêm, H8034) — an appellation, as amark or memorial of individuality; by implication honor, authority,… פֶּה (peh, H6310) — the mouth (as the means of blowing), whether literal or figurative (particularly speech);… רִיב (rîyb, H7379) — a contest (personal or legal) נֶגַע (negaʻ, H5061) — a blow (figuratively, infliction); also (by implication) a spot (concretely, a leprous…
Quelle öffnen ↗זָקֵן (zâqên, H2205) — old עִיר (ʻîyr, H5892) — a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere… קָרוֹב (qârôwb, H7138) — near (in place, kindred or time) חָלָל (châlâl, H2491) — pierced (especially to death); figuratively, polluted רָחַץ (râchats, H7364) — to lave (the whole or a part of a thing) יָד (yâd, H3027) — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.), עֶגְלָה (ʻeglâh, H5697) — a (female) calf, especially one nearly grown (i.e. a heifer) עָרַף (ʻâraph, H6202) — to break the neck; hence (figuratively) to destroy נַחַל (nachal, H5158) — a stream, especially a winter torrent; (by implication) a (narrow) valley (in which a…
Quelle öffnen ↗עָנָה (ʻânâh, H6030) — properly, to eye or (generally) to heed, i.e. pay attention; by implication, to respond;… אָמַר (ʼâmar, H559) — to say (used with great latitude) יָד (yâd, H3027) — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.), שָׁפַךְ (shâphak, H8210) — to spill forth (blood, a libation, liquid metal; or even a solid, i.e. to mound up); also… דָּם (dâm, H1818) — blood (as that which when shed causes death) of man or an animal; by analogy, the juice… עַיִן (ʻayin, H5869) — an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape) רָאָה (râʼâh, H7200) — to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied,…
Quelle öffnen ↗כָּפַר (kâphar, H3722) — to cover (specifically with bitumen); figuratively, to expiate or condone, to placate or… יְהֹוָה (Yᵉhôvâh, H3068) — Jehovah, Jewish national name of God עַם (ʻam, H5971) — a people (as a congregated unit); specifically, a tribe (as those of Israel); hence… יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yisrâʼêl, H3478) — Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity פָּדָה (pâdâh, H6299) — to sever, i.e. ransom; gener. to release, preserve נָתַן (nâthan, H5414) — to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.) נָקִי (nâqîy, H5355) — innocent דָּם (dâm, H1818) — blood (as that which when shed causes death) of man or an animal; by analogy, the juice… קֶרֶב (qereb, H7130) — properly, the nearest part, i.e. the center, whether literal, figurative or adverbial…
Quelle öffnen ↗בָּעַר (bâʻar, H1197) — to kindle, i.e. consume (by fire or by eating); to be(-come) brutish נָקִי (nâqîy, H5355) — innocent דָּם (dâm, H1818) — blood (as that which when shed causes death) of man or an animal; by analogy, the juice… קֶרֶב (qereb, H7130) — properly, the nearest part, i.e. the center, whether literal, figurative or adverbial… עָשָׂה (ʻâsâh, H6213) — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application יָשָׁר (yâshâr, H3477) — straight (literally or figuratively) עַיִן (ʻayin, H5869) — an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape) יְהֹוָה (Yᵉhôvâh, H3068) — Jehovah, Jewish national name of God
Quelle öffnen ↗יָצָא (yâtsâʼ, H3318) — to go (causatively, bring) out, in a great variety of applications, literally and… מִלְחָמָה (milchâmâh, H4421) — a battle (i.e. the engagement); generally, war (i.e. warfare) אֹיֵב (ʼôyêb, H341) — hating; an adversary יְהֹוָה (Yᵉhôvâh, H3068) — Jehovah, Jewish national name of God אֱלֹהִים (ʼĕlôhîym, H430) — gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with… נָתַן (nâthan, H5414) — to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.) יָד (yâd, H3027) — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.), שָׁבָה (shâbâh, H7617) — to transport into captivity שְׁבִי (shᵉbîy, H7628) — exiled; captured; as noun, exile (abstractly or concretely and collectively); by…
Quelle öffnen ↗רָאָה (râʼâh, H7200) — to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied,… שִׁבְיָה (shibyâh, H7633) — exile (abstractly or concretely and collectively) תֹּאַר (tôʼar, H8389) — outline, i.e. figure or appearance יָפֶה (yâpheh, H3303) — beautiful (literally or figuratively) אִשָּׁה (ʼishshâh, H802) — a woman חָשַׁק (châshaq, H2836) — to cling, i.e. join, (figuratively) to love, delight in; elliptically; to deliver לָקַח (lâqach, H3947) — to take (in the widest variety of applications)
Quelle öffnen ↗בּוֹא (bôwʼ, H935) — to go or come (in a wide variety of applications) תָּוֶךְ (tâvek, H8432) — a bisection, i.e. (by implication) the centre בַּיִת (bayith, H1004) — a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.) גָּלַח (gâlach, H1548) — properly, to be bald, i.e. (causatively) to shave; figuratively to lay waste רֹאשׁ (rôʼsh, H7218) — the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of… עָשָׂה (ʻâsâh, H6213) — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application צִפֹּרֶן (tsippôren, H6856) — properly, a claw, i.e. (human) nail; also the point of astyle (or pen, tipped with…
Quelle öffnen ↗סוּר (çûwr, H5493) — to turn off (literal or figurative) שִׂמְלָה (simlâh, H8071) — a dress, especially a mantle שְׁבִי (shᵉbîy, H7628) — exiled; captured; as noun, exile (abstractly or concretely and collectively); by… יָשַׁב (yâshab, H3427) — properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to… בַּיִת (bayith, H1004) — a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.) בָּכָה (bâkâh, H1058) — to weep; generally to bemoan אָב (ʼâb, H1) — father, in a literal and immediate, or figurative and remote application אֵם (ʼêm, H517) — a mother (as the bond of the family); in a wide sense (both literally and figuratively… יוֹם (yôwm, H3117) — a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to… יֶרַח (yerach, H3391) — a lunation, i.e. month אַחַר (ʼachar, H310) — properly, the hind part; generally used as an adverb or conjunction, after (in various… בּוֹא (bôwʼ, H935) — to go or come (in a wide variety of applications) בָּעַל (bâʻal, H1166) — to be master; hence, to marry אִשָּׁה (ʼishshâh, H802) — a woman
Quelle öffnen ↗חָפֵץ (châphêts, H2654) — properly, to incline to; by implication (literally but rarely) to bend; figuratively, to… שָׁלַח (shâlach, H7971) — to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications) נֶפֶשׁ (nephesh, H5315) — properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in… מָכַר (mâkar, H4376) — to sell, literally (as merchandise, a daughter in marriage, into slavery), or… כֶּסֶף (keçeph, H3701) — silver (from its pale color); by implication, money עָמַר (ʻâmar, H6014) — to gather grain אֲשֶׁר (ʼăsher, H834) — who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because,… עָנָה (ʻânâh, H6031) — to depress literally or figuratively, transitive or intransitive (in various…
Quelle öffnen ↗Querverweise
Andere Stellen, die die Gemeinschaft am häufigsten mit dieser verbindet. Zum Lesen antippen.
Denn siehe, der HERR wird von seinem Orte ausgehen, die Bosheit der Erdenbewohner an ihnen heimzusuchen; und die Erde wird das auf ihr vergossene Blut offenbaren und die auf ihr Erschlagenen nicht länger verbergen.
Die Prahler bestehen vor deinen Augen nicht; du hassest alle Übeltäter.
Wie aber die Einwohner das Tier an seiner Hand hängen sahen, sprachen sie zueinander: Gewiß ist dieser Mensch ein Mörder, den, ob er sich gleich aus dem Meere gerettet hat, die Rache dennoch nicht leben läßt.
Singet dem HERRN, der zu Zion wohnt, verkündiget unter den Völkern seine Taten!
Ein Mensch, der das Blut einer Seele auf dem Gewissen hat, muß bis zum Grabe flüchtig sein; man halte ihn nicht auf!