5. Mose 15
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THE SEVENTH YEAR, A YEAR OF RELEASE FOR THE POOR. (Deu 15:1-11) At the end of every seven years--during the last of the seven, that is, the sabbatical year (Exo 21:2; Exo 23:11; Lev 25:4; Jer 34:14).
Quelle öffnen ↗At the end of every seven years thou shalt make a release. Not of servants, for they were not to be dismissed from their service until they had served six years, as is directed to in a following law; for if they were to be set free whenever a sabbatical year came, they might be discharged when they had not served more than a year, or than half a year, or than a month or two. Indeed when the year of jubilee intervened, they were released be it at what time it would; but not in a sabbatical year, which was a year of release of debts, as the following verses show, as well as there was, then a rest of the land from tillage, Lev 25:2. Now this was done at the end or extremity of every seventh year; not at the latter end or extremity of it, for if the debt of a poor man might be exacted of him in the year, and until the end of it, it would not in this respect have been a sabbatical year, or a year of rest and quiet; but this was done at the first extremity of it, at the beginning of it, as Aben Ezra and Ben Melech observe; though Maimonides (b) asserts it to be after the seven years were ended; for he says,"the seventh year releaseth not monies but at the end of it,''according to Deu 15:1 that as in Deu 31:10 after seven years is meant, so the release of monies is after seven years. (b) Hilchot Shemittah & Yobel, c. 9. sect. 4.
Quelle öffnen ↗On the Year of Release. - The first two regulations in this chapter, viz., Deu 15:1-11 and Deu 15:12-18, follow simply upon the law concerning the poor tithe in Deu 14:28-29. The Israelites were not only to cause those who had no possessions (Levites, strangers, widows, and orphans) to refresh themselves with the produce of their inheritance, but they were not to force and oppress the poor. Debtors especially were not to be deprived of the blessings of the sabbatical year (Deu 15:1-6). "At the end of seven years thou shalt make a release." The expression, "at the end of seven years," is to be understood in the same way as the corresponding phrase, "at the end of three years," in Deu 14:28. The end of seven years, i.e., of the seven years' cycle formed by the sabbatical year, is mentioned as the time when debts that had been contracted were usually wiped off or demanded, after the year's harvest had been gathered in (cf. Deu 31:10, according to which the feast of Tabernacles occurred at the end of the year). שׁמטּה, from שׁמט morf ,, to let lie, to let go (cf. Exo 23:11), does not signify a remission of the debt, the relinquishing of all claim for payment, as Philo and the Talmudists affirm, but simply lengthening the term, not pressing for payment. This is the explanation in Deu 15:2 : "This is the manner of the release" (shemittah): cf. Deu 19:4; Kg1 9:15. "Every owner of a loan of his hand shall release (leave) what he has lent to his neighbour; he shall not press his neighbour, and indeed his brother; for they have proclaimed release for Jehovah." As שׁמוט (release) points unmistakeably back to Exo 23:11, it must be interpreted in the same manner here as there. And as it is not used there to denote the entire renunciation of a field or possession, so here it cannot m…
Quelle öffnen ↗Here is, I. A law for the relief of poor debtors, such (we may suppose) as were insolvent. Every seventh year was a year of release, in which the ground rested from being tilled and servants were discharged from their services; and, among other acts of grace, this was one, that those who had borrowed money, and had not been able to pay it before, should this year be released from it; and though, if they were able, they were afterwards bound in conscience to repay it, yet thenceforth the creditor should never recover it by law. Many good expositors think it only forbids the exacting of the debt in the year of release, because, no harvest being gathered in that year, it could not be expected that men should pay their debts then, but that afterwards it might be sued for and recovered: so that the release did not extinguish the debt, but only stayed the process for a time. But others think it was a release of the debt for ever, and this seems more probable, yet under certain limitations expressed or implied. It is supposed (Deu 15:3) that the debtor was an Israelite (an alien could not take the benefit of this law) and that he was poor (Deu 15:4), that he did not borrow for trade or purchase, but for the subsistence of his family, and that now he could not pay it without reducing himself to poverty and coming under a necessity of seeking relief in other countries, which might be his temptation to revolt from God. The law is not that the creditor shall not receive the debt if the debtor, or his friends for him, can pay it; but he shall not exact it by a legal process. The reasons of this law are, 1. To put an honour upon the sabbatical year: Because it is called the Lord's release, Deu 15:2. That was Gods year for their land, as the weekly sabbath was God's day for themselve…
Quelle öffnen ↗15:1-23 The Law included the regulation of borrowing and lending so that the poor could survive deprivation. It provided restrictions to allow the rich to minister to the needs of the poor without exploiting them. 15:1 cancel the debts: This technical term refers to releasing people in financial bondage from their creditors and from any penalty for their default.
Quelle öffnen ↗Ursprache
Die hebräischen und griechischen Wörter hinter dieser Stelle, mit Strong-Nummern — von openscriptures (CC BY-SA).
קֵץ (qêts, H7093) — an extremity; adverbially (with prepositional prefix) after שֶׁבַע (shebaʻ, H7651) — seven (as the sacred full one); also (adverbially) seven times; by implication, a week;… שָׁנֶה (shâneh, H8141) — a year (as a revolution of time) עָשָׂה (ʻâsâh, H6213) — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application שְׁמִטָּה (shᵉmiṭṭâh, H8059) — remission (of debt) or suspension of labor)
Quelle öffnen ↗דָּבָר (dâbâr, H1697) — a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause שְׁמִטָּה (shᵉmiṭṭâh, H8059) — remission (of debt) or suspension of labor) בַּעַל (baʻal, H1167) — a master; hence, a husband, or (figuratively) owner (often used with another noun in… מַשֶּׁה (mashsheh, H4874) — a debt יָד (yâd, H3027) — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.), נָשָׁה (nâshâh, H5383) — to lend or (by reciprocity) borrow on security or interest רֵעַ (rêaʻ, H7453) — an associate (more or less close) שָׁמַט (shâmaṭ, H8058) — to fling down; incipiently to jostle; figuratively, to let alone, desist, remit נָגַשׂ (nâgas, H5065) — to drive (an animal, a workman, a debtor, an army); by implication, to tax, harass,… אָח (ʼâch, H251) — a brother (used in the widest sense of literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or… קָרָא (qârâʼ, H7121) — to call out to (i.e. properly, address by name, but used in a wide variety of… יְהֹוָה (Yᵉhôvâh, H3068) — Jehovah, Jewish national name of God
Quelle öffnen ↗נׇכְרִי (nokrîy, H5237) — strange, in a variety of degrees and applications (foreign, non-relative, adulterous,… נָגַשׂ (nâgas, H5065) — to drive (an animal, a workman, a debtor, an army); by implication, to tax, harass,… אָח (ʼâch, H251) — a brother (used in the widest sense of literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or… יָד (yâd, H3027) — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.), שָׁמַט (shâmaṭ, H8058) — to fling down; incipiently to jostle; figuratively, to let alone, desist, remit
Quelle öffnen ↗אֶפֶס (ʼepheç, H657) — cessation, i.e. an end (especially of the earth); often used adverb, no further; also the… אֶבְיוֹן (ʼebyôwn, H34) — destitute יְהֹוָה (Yᵉhôvâh, H3068) — Jehovah, Jewish national name of God בָרַךְ (bârak, H1288) — to kneel; by implication to bless God (as an act of adoration), and (vice-versa) man (as… אֶרֶץ (ʼerets, H776) — the earth (at large, or partitively a land) אֱלֹהִים (ʼĕlôhîym, H430) — gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with… נָתַן (nâthan, H5414) — to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.) נַחֲלָה (nachălâh, H5159) — properly, something inherited, i.e. (abstractly) occupancy, or (concretely) an heirloom;… יָרַשׁ (yârash, H3423) — to occupy (by driving out previous tenants, and possessing in their place); by…
Quelle öffnen ↗שָׁמַע (shâmaʻ, H8085) — to hear intelligently (often with implication of attention, obedience, etc.; causatively,… קוֹל (qôwl, H6963) — a voice or sound יְהֹוָה (Yᵉhôvâh, H3068) — Jehovah, Jewish national name of God אֱלֹהִים (ʼĕlôhîym, H430) — gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with… שָׁמַר (shâmar, H8104) — properly, to hedge about (as with thorns), i.e. guard; generally, to protect, attend to,… עָשָׂה (ʻâsâh, H6213) — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application מִצְוָה (mitsvâh, H4687) — a command, whether human or divine (collectively, the Law) צָוָה (tsâvâh, H6680) — (intensively) to constitute, enjoin יוֹם (yôwm, H3117) — a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to…
Quelle öffnen ↗יְהֹוָה (Yᵉhôvâh, H3068) — Jehovah, Jewish national name of God אֱלֹהִים (ʼĕlôhîym, H430) — gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with… בָרַךְ (bârak, H1288) — to kneel; by implication to bless God (as an act of adoration), and (vice-versa) man (as… דָבַר (dâbar, H1696) — perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a… עָבַט (ʻâbaṭ, H5670) — to pawn; causatively, to lend (on security); figuratively, to entangle רַב (rab, H7227) — abundant (in quantity, size, age, number, rank, quality) גּוֹי (gôwy, H1471) — a foreign nation; hence, a Gentile; also (figuratively) a troop of animals, or a flight… מָשַׁל (mâshal, H4910) — to rule
Quelle öffnen ↗אֶבְיוֹן (ʼebyôwn, H34) — destitute אֶחָד (ʼechâd, H259) — properly, united, i.e. one; or (as an ordinal) first אָח (ʼâch, H251) — a brother (used in the widest sense of literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or… שַׁעַר (shaʻar, H8179) — an opening, i.e. door or gate אֶרֶץ (ʼerets, H776) — the earth (at large, or partitively a land) יְהֹוָה (Yᵉhôvâh, H3068) — Jehovah, Jewish national name of God אֱלֹהִים (ʼĕlôhîym, H430) — gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with… נָתַן (nâthan, H5414) — to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.) אָמַץ (ʼâmats, H553) — to be alert, physically (on foot) or mentally (in courage) לֵבָב (lêbâb, H3824) — the heart (as the most interior organ); קָפַץ (qâphats, H7092) — to draw together, i.e. close; by implication, to leap (by contracting the limbs);… יָד (yâd, H3027) — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.),
Quelle öffnen ↗פָּתַח (pâthach, H6605) — to open wide (literally or figuratively); specifically, to loosen, begin, plough, carve יָד (yâd, H3027) — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.), עָבַט (ʻâbaṭ, H5670) — to pawn; causatively, to lend (on security); figuratively, to entangle דַּי (day, H1767) — enough (as noun or adverb), used chiefly with preposition in phrases מַחְסוֹר (machçôwr, H4270) — deficiency; hence, impoverishment חָסֵר (châçêr, H2637) — to lack; by implication, to fail, want, lessen
Quelle öffnen ↗שָׁמַר (shâmar, H8104) — properly, to hedge about (as with thorns), i.e. guard; generally, to protect, attend to,… דָּבָר (dâbâr, H1697) — a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause בְּלִיַּעַל (bᵉlîyaʻal, H1100) — without profit, worthlessness; by extension, destruction, wickedness לֵבָב (lêbâb, H3824) — the heart (as the most interior organ); אָמַר (ʼâmar, H559) — to say (used with great latitude) שֶׁבַע (shebaʻ, H7651) — seven (as the sacred full one); also (adverbially) seven times; by implication, a week;… שָׁנֶה (shâneh, H8141) — a year (as a revolution of time) שְׁמִטָּה (shᵉmiṭṭâh, H8059) — remission (of debt) or suspension of labor) קָרַב (qârab, H7126) — to approach (causatively, bring near) for whatever purpose עַיִן (ʻayin, H5869) — an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape) רָעַע (râʻaʻ, H7489) — properly, to spoil (literally, by breaking to pieces); figuratively, to make (or be) good… אֶבְיוֹן (ʼebyôwn, H34) — destitute אָח (ʼâch, H251) — a brother (used in the widest sense of literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or… נָתַן (nâthan, H5414) — to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)
Quelle öffnen ↗נָתַן (nâthan, H5414) — to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.) לֵבָב (lêbâb, H3824) — the heart (as the most interior organ); יָרַע (yâraʻ, H3415) — properly, to be broken up (with any violent action) i.e. (figuratively) to fear גָּלָל (gâlâl, H1558) — a circumstance (as rolled around); only used adverbially, on account of דָּבָר (dâbâr, H1697) — a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause יְהֹוָה (Yᵉhôvâh, H3068) — Jehovah, Jewish national name of God אֱלֹהִים (ʼĕlôhîym, H430) — gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with… בָרַךְ (bârak, H1288) — to kneel; by implication to bless God (as an act of adoration), and (vice-versa) man (as… מַעֲשֶׂה (maʻăseh, H4639) — an action (good or bad); generally, a transaction; abstractly, activity; by implication,… מִשְׁלוֹחַ (mishlôwach, H4916) — a sending out, i.e. (abstractly) presentation (favorable), or seizure (unfavorable); also… יָד (yâd, H3027) — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.),
Quelle öffnen ↗אֶבְיוֹן (ʼebyôwn, H34) — destitute חָדַל (châdal, H2308) — properly, to be flabby, i.e. (by implication) desist; (figuratively) be lacking or idle קֶרֶב (qereb, H7130) — properly, the nearest part, i.e. the center, whether literal, figurative or adverbial… אֶרֶץ (ʼerets, H776) — the earth (at large, or partitively a land) צָוָה (tsâvâh, H6680) — (intensively) to constitute, enjoin אָמַר (ʼâmar, H559) — to say (used with great latitude) פָּתַח (pâthach, H6605) — to open wide (literally or figuratively); specifically, to loosen, begin, plough, carve יָד (yâd, H3027) — a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.), אָח (ʼâch, H251) — a brother (used in the widest sense of literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or… עָנִי (ʻânîy, H6041) — depressed, in mind or circumstances
Quelle öffnen ↗אָח (ʼâch, H251) — a brother (used in the widest sense of literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or… עִבְרִי (ʻIbrîy, H5680) — an Eberite (i.e. Hebrew) or descendant of Eber מָכַר (mâkar, H4376) — to sell, literally (as merchandise, a daughter in marriage, into slavery), or… עָבַד (ʻâbad, H5647) — to work (in any sense); by implication, to serve, till, (causatively) enslave, etc. שֵׁשׁ (shêsh, H8337) — six (as an overplus beyond five or the fingers of the hand); as ord. sixth שָׁנֶה (shâneh, H8141) — a year (as a revolution of time) שְׁבִיעִי (shᵉbîyʻîy, H7637) — seventh שָׁלַח (shâlach, H7971) — to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications) חׇפְשִׁי (chophshîy, H2670) — exempt (from bondage, tax or care)
Quelle öffnen ↗שָׁלַח (shâlach, H7971) — to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications) חׇפְשִׁי (chophshîy, H2670) — exempt (from bondage, tax or care) רֵיקָם (rêyqâm, H7387) — emptily; figuratively (objective) ineffectually, (subjective) undeservedly
Quelle öffnen ↗עָנַק (ʻânaq, H6059) — to collar, i.e. adorn with anecklace; figuratively, to fit out with supplies צֹאן (tsôʼn, H6629) — a collective name for a flock (of sheep or goats); also figuratively (of men) גֹּרֶן (gôren, H1637) — a threshing-floor (as made even); by analogy, any open area יֶקֶב (yeqeb, H3342) — a trough (as dug out); specifically, a wine-vat (whether the lower one, into which the… יְהֹוָה (Yᵉhôvâh, H3068) — Jehovah, Jewish national name of God אֱלֹהִים (ʼĕlôhîym, H430) — gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with… בָרַךְ (bârak, H1288) — to kneel; by implication to bless God (as an act of adoration), and (vice-versa) man (as… נָתַן (nâthan, H5414) — to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)
Quelle öffnen ↗Querverweise
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