Jakobus 4
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From whence come wars and fightings - About the time in which St. James wrote, whether we follow the earlier or the later date of this epistle, we find, according to the accounts given by Josephus, Bell. Jud. lib. ii. c. 17, etc., that the Jews, under pretense of defending their religion, and procuring that liberty to which they believed themselves entitled, made various insurrections in Judea against the Romans, which occasioned much bloodshed and misery to their nation. The factions also, into which the Jews were split, had violent contentions among themselves, in which they massacred and plundered each other. In the provinces, likewise, the Jews became very turbulent; particularly in Alexandria, and different other parts of Egypt, of Syria, and other places, where they made war against the heathens, killing many, and being massacred in their turn. They were led to these outrages by the opinion that they were bound by their law to extirpate idolatry, and to kill all those who would not become proselytes to Judaism. These are probably the wars and fightings to which St. James alludes; and which they undertook rather from a principle of covetousness than from any sincere desire to convert the heathen. See Macknight. Come they not hence - of your lusts - This was the principle from which these Jewish contentions and predatory wars proceeded, and the principle from which all the wars that have afflicted and desolated the world have proceeded. One nation or king covets another's territory or property; and, as conquest is supposed to give right to all the possessions gained by it, they kill, slay, burn, and destroy, till one is overcome or exhausted, and then the other makes his own terms; or, several neighboring potentates fall upon one that is weak; and, after murdering o…
Quelle öffnen ↗AGAINST FIGHTINGS AND THEIR SOURCE; WORLDLY LUSTS; UNCHARITABLE JUDGMENTS, AND PRESUMPTUOUS RECKONING ON THE FUTURE. (Jam. 4:1-17) whence--The cause of quarrels is often sought in external circumstances, whereas internal lusts are the true origin. wars, &c.--contrasted with the "peace" of heavenly wisdom. "Fightings" are the active carrying on of "wars." The best authorities have a second "whence" before "fightings." Tumults marked the era before the destruction of Jerusalem when James wrote. He indirectly alludes to these. The members are the first seat of war; thence it passes to conflict between man and man, nation and nation. come they not, &c.--an appeal to their consciences. lusts--literally, "pleasures," that is, the lusts which prompt you to "desire" (see on Jam 4:2) pleasures; whence you seek self at the cost of your neighbor, and hence flow "fightings." that war--"campaign, as an army of soldiers encamped within" [ALFORD] the soul; tumultuously war against the interests of your fellow men, while lusting to advance self. But while warring thus against others they (without his knowledge) war against the soul of the man himself, and against the Spirit; therefore they must be "mortified" by the Christian.
Quelle öffnen ↗From whence come wars and fightings among you?.... Which are to be understood, not of public and national wars, such as might be between the Jews and other nations at this time; for the apostle is not writing to the Jews in Judea, as a nation, or body politic, but to the twelve tribes scattered abroad, and to such of them as were Christians; nor were Christians in general as yet increased, and become such large bodies, or were whole nations become Christians, and much less at war one against another, which has been the case since; and which, when it is, generally speaking arises from a lust after an increase of power; from the pride and ambitious views of men, and their envy at the happiness of other princes and states: nor do these design theological debates and disputes, or contentions about religious principles; but rather lawsuits, commenced before Heathen magistrates, by the rich, to the oppression of the poor; see Jam 2:6 though it seems best of all to interpret them of those stirs and bustlings, strifes, contentions, and quarrels, about honours and riches; endeavouring to get them by unlawful methods, at least at the expense of their own peace, and that of others: come they not hence, even of your lusts that war in your members? as pride, envy, covetousness, ambition, &c. which, like so many soldiers, are stationed and quartered in the members of the body, and war against the soul; for in the believer, or converted man, however, there is as it were two armies; a law in the members, warring against the law of the mind; the flesh against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh; and from this inward war arise external ones; or at least from the corruption of nature, which militates against all that is good, all quarrels and contentions, whether public or privat…
Quelle öffnen ↗The former chapter speaks of envying one another, as the great spring of strifes and contentions; this chapter speaks of a lust after worldly things, and a setting too great a value upon worldly pleasures and friendships, as that which carried their divisions to a shameful height. I. The apostle here reproves the Jewish Christians for their wars, and for their lusts as the cause of them: Whence come wars and fightings among you? Come they not hence, even of your lusts that war in your members, Jam 4:1. The Jews were a very seditious people, and had therefore frequent wars with the Romans; and they were a very quarrelsome divided people, often fighting among themselves; and many of those corrupt Christians against whose errors and vices this epistle was written seem to have fallen in with the common quarrels. Hereupon, our apostle informs them that the origin of their wars and fightings was not (as they pretended) a true zeal for their country, and for the honour of God, but that their prevailing lusts were the cause of all. Observe hence, What is sheltered and shrouded under a specious pretence of zeal for God and religion often comes from men's pride, malice, covetousness, ambition, and revenge. The Jews had many struggles with the Roman power before they ere entirely destroyed. They often unnecessarily embroiled themselves, and then fell into parties and factions about the different methods of managing their wars with their common enemies; and hence it came to pass that, when their cause might be supposed good, yet their engaging in it and their management of it came from a bad principle. Their worldly and fleshly lusts raised and managed their wars and fightings; but one would think here is enough said to subdue those lusts; for, 1. They make a war within as well as…
Quelle öffnen ↗4:1 quarrels and fights (literally wars and battles): James uses military imagery to declare that their own evil desires at war within them were the immediate cause of the battles among church members. James uses the Greek word translated evil desires again in 4:3 (translated “pleasure”) to enclose the entire paragraph and indicate the source of conflict and unanswered prayer (Luke 8:14; Titus 3:3).
Quelle öffnen ↗Ursprache
Die hebräischen und griechischen Wörter hinter dieser Stelle, mit Strong-Nummern — von openscriptures (CC BY-SA).
πόθεν (póthen, G4159) — from which (as interrogative) or what (as relative) place, state, source or cause πόλεμος (pólemos, G4171) — warfare (literally or figuratively; a single encounter or a series) καί (kaí, G2532) — and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other… μάχη (máchē, G3163) — a battle, i.e. (figuratively) controversy ἐν (en, G1722) — "in," at, (up-)on, by, etc. ὑμῖν (hymîn, G5213) — to (with or by) you οὐ (ou, G3756) — the absolute negative (compare G3361 (μή)) adverb; no or not ἐντεῦθεν (enteûthen, G1782) — hence (literally or figuratively); (repeated) on both sides ἐκ (ek, G1537) — literal or figurative; direct or remote) ὑμῶν (hymōn, G5216) — of (from or concerning) you ἡδονή (hēdonḗ, G2237) — sensual delight; by implication, desire στρατεύομαι (strateúomai, G4754) — to serve in a military campaign; figuratively, to execute the apostolate (with its… μέλος (mélos, G3196) — a limb or part of the body
Quelle öffnen ↗ἐπιθυμέω (epithyméō, G1937) — to set the heart upon, i.e. long for (rightfully or otherwise) καί (kaí, G2532) — and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other… ἔχω (échō, G2192) — to hold (used in very various applications, literally or figuratively, direct or remote;… οὐ (ou, G3756) — the absolute negative (compare G3361 (μή)) adverb; no or not φονεύω (phoneúō, G5407) — to be a murderer (of) ζηλόω (zēlóō, G2206) — to have warmth of feeling for or against δύναμαι (dýnamai, G1410) — to be able or possible ἐπιτυγχάνω (epitynchánō, G2013) — to chance upon, i.e. (by implication) to attain μάχομαι (máchomai, G3164) — to war, i.e. (figuratively) to quarrel, dispute πολεμέω (poleméō, G4170) — to be (engaged) in warfare, i.e. to battle (literally or figuratively) δέ (dé, G1161) — but, and, etc. διά (diá, G1223) — through (in very wide applications, local, causal, or occasional) ὑμᾶς (hymâs, G5209) — you (as the objective of a verb or preposition) αἰτέω (aitéō, G154) — to ask (in genitive case)
Quelle öffnen ↗αἰτέω (aitéō, G154) — to ask (in genitive case) καί (kaí, G2532) — and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other… λαμβάνω (lambánō, G2983) — while G138 (αἱρέομαι) is more violent, to seize or remove)) οὐ (ou, G3756) — the absolute negative (compare G3361 (μή)) adverb; no or not διότι (dióti, G1360) — on the very account that, or inasmuch as κακῶς (kakōs, G2560) — badly (physically or morally) ἵνα (hína, G2443) — compare G3588 (ὁ)); in order that (denoting the purpose or the result) δαπανάω (dapanáō, G1159) — to expend, i.e. (in a good sense) to incur cost, or (in a bad one) to waste ἐν (en, G1722) — "in," at, (up-)on, by, etc. ὑμῶν (hymōn, G5216) — of (from or concerning) you ἡδονή (hēdonḗ, G2237) — sensual delight; by implication, desire
Quelle öffnen ↗μοιχός (moichós, G3432) — a (male) paramour; figuratively, apostate καί (kaí, G2532) — and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other… μοιχαλίς (moichalís, G3428) — an adulteress (literally or figuratively) εἴδω (eídō, G1492) — used only in certain past tenses, the others being borrowed from the equivalent G3700… οὐ (ou, G3756) — the absolute negative (compare G3361 (μή)) adverb; no or not ὅτι (hóti, G3754) — demonstrative, that (sometimes redundant); causative, because φιλία (philía, G5373) — fondness κόσμος (kósmos, G2889) — orderly arrangement, i.e. decoration; by implication, the world (in a wide or narrow… ἐστί (estí, G2076) — he (she or it) is; also (with neuter plural) they are ἔχθρα (échthra, G2189) — hostility; by implication, a reason for opposition θεός (theós, G2316) — figuratively, a magistrate; by Hebraism, very ὅς (hós, G3739) — the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that ἄν (án, G302) οὖν (oûn, G3767) — (adverbially) certainly, or (conjunctionally) accordingly
Quelle öffnen ↗ἤ (ḗ, G2228) — disjunctive, or; comparative, than δοκέω (dokéō, G1380) — compare the base of G1166 (δεικνύω)) of the same meaning; to think; by implication, to… ὅτι (hóti, G3754) — demonstrative, that (sometimes redundant); causative, because γραφή (graphḗ, G1124) — a document, i.e. holy Writ (or its contents or a statement in it) λέγω (légō, G3004) — properly, to "lay" forth, i.e. (figuratively) relate (in words (usually of systematic or… κενῶς (kenōs, G2761) — vainly, i.e. to no purpose πνεῦμα (pneûma, G4151) — a current of air, i.e. breath (blast) or a breeze; by analogy or figuratively, a spirit,… ὅς (hós, G3739) — the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that κατοικέω (katoikéō, G2730) — to house permanently, i.e. reside (literally or figuratively) ἐν (en, G1722) — "in," at, (up-)on, by, etc. ἡμῖν (hēmîn, G2254) — to (or for, with, by) us ἐπιποθέω (epipothéō, G1971) — to dote upon, i.e. intensely crave possession (lawfully or wrongfully) πρός (prós, G4314) — a preposition of direction; forward to, i.e. toward (with the genitive case, the side of,… φθόνος (phthónos, G5355) — ill-will (as detraction), i.e. jealousy (spite)
Quelle öffnen ↗δέ (dé, G1161) — but, and, etc. δίδωμι (dídōmi, G1325) — to give (used in a very wide application, properly, or by implication, literally or… μείζων (meízōn, G3187) — larger (literally or figuratively, specially, in age) χάρις (cháris, G5485) — graciousness (as gratifying), of manner or act (abstract or concrete; literal, figurative… διό (dió, G1352) — through which thing, i.e. consequently λέγω (légō, G3004) — properly, to "lay" forth, i.e. (figuratively) relate (in words (usually of systematic or… θεός (theós, G2316) — figuratively, a magistrate; by Hebraism, very ἀντιτάσσομαι (antitássomai, G498) — to range oneself against, i.e. oppose ὑπερήφανος (hyperḗphanos, G5244) — appearing above others (conspicuous), i.e. (figuratively) haughty ταπεινός (tapeinós, G5011) — depressed, i.e. (figuratively) humiliated (in circumstances or disposition)
Quelle öffnen ↗ὑποτάσσω (hypotássō, G5293) — to subordinate; reflexively, to obey οὖν (oûn, G3767) — (adverbially) certainly, or (conjunctionally) accordingly θεός (theós, G2316) — figuratively, a magistrate; by Hebraism, very ἀνθίστημι (anthístēmi, G436) — to stand against, i.e. oppose διάβολος (diábolos, G1228) — a traducer; specially, Satan (compare H07854) καί (kaí, G2532) — and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other… φεύγω (pheúgō, G5343) — to run away (literally or figuratively); by implication, to shun; by analogy, to vanish ἀπό (apó, G575) — "off," i.e. away (from something near), in various senses (of place, time, or relation;… ὑμῶν (hymōn, G5216) — of (from or concerning) you
Quelle öffnen ↗ἐγγίζω (engízō, G1448) — to make near, i.e. (reflexively) approach θεός (theós, G2316) — figuratively, a magistrate; by Hebraism, very καί (kaí, G2532) — and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other… ὑμῖν (hymîn, G5213) — to (with or by) you καθαρίζω (katharízō, G2511) — to cleanse (literally or figuratively) χείρ (cheír, G5495) — the hand (literally or figuratively (power); especially (by Hebraism) a means or… ἁμαρτωλός (hamartōlós, G268) — sinful, i.e. a sinner ἁγνίζω (hagnízō, G48) — to make clean, i.e. (figuratively) sanctify (ceremonially or morally) καρδία (kardía, G2588) — the heart, i.e. (figuratively) the thoughts or feelings (mind); also (by analogy) the… δίψυχος (dípsychos, G1374) — two-spirited, i.e. vacillating (in opinion or purpose)
Quelle öffnen ↗ταλαιπωρέω (talaipōréō, G5003) — to be wretched, i.e. realize one's own misery καί (kaí, G2532) — and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other… πενθέω (penthéō, G3996) — to grieve (the feeling or the act) κλαίω (klaíō, G2799) — to sob, i.e. wail aloud (whereas 1145 is rather to cry silently) ὑμῶν (hymōn, G5216) — of (from or concerning) you γέλως (gélōs, G1071) — laughter (as a mark of gratification) μεταστρέφω (metastréphō, G3344) — to turn across, i.e. transmute or (figuratively) corrupt εἰς (eis, G1519) — to or into (indicating the point reached or entered), of place, time, or (figuratively)… πένθος (pénthos, G3997) — grief χαρά (chará, G5479) — cheerfulness, i.e. calm delight κατήφεια (katḗpheia, G2726) — demureness, i.e. (by implication) sadness
Quelle öffnen ↗ταπεινόω (tapeinóō, G5013) — to depress; figuratively, to humiliate (in condition or heart) ἐνώπιον (enṓpion, G1799) — in the face of (literally or figuratively) κύριος (kýrios, G2962) — supreme in authority, i.e. (as noun) controller; by implication, Master (as a respectful… καί (kaí, G2532) — and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other… ὑψόω (hypsóō, G5312) — to elevate (literally or figuratively) ὑμᾶς (hymâs, G5209) — you (as the objective of a verb or preposition)
Quelle öffnen ↗καταλαλέω (katalaléō, G2635) — to be a traducer, i.e. to slander μή (mḗ, G3361) — (adverb) not, (conjunction) lest; also (as an interrogative implying a negative answer… ἀλλήλων (allḗlōn, G240) — one another ἀδελφός (adelphós, G80) — a brother (literally or figuratively) near or remote (much like G1 (Α)) καί (kaí, G2532) — and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other… κρίνω (krínō, G2919) — by implication, to try, condemn, punish αὐτός (autós, G846) — the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative G1438 (ἑαυτοῦ)) of the… νόμος (nómos, G3551) — law (through the idea of prescriptive usage), genitive case (regulation), specially, (of… δέ (dé, G1161) — but, and, etc. εἰ (ei, G1487) — if, whether, that, etc. εἶ (eî, G1488) — thou art οὐ (ou, G3756) — the absolute negative (compare G3361 (μή)) adverb; no or not ποιητής (poiētḗs, G4163) — a performer; specially, a "poet"; ἀλλά (allá, G235) — properly, other things, i.e. (adverbially) contrariwise (in many relations)
Quelle öffnen ↗ἐστί (estí, G2076) — he (she or it) is; also (with neuter plural) they are εἷς (heîs, G1520) — one νομοθέτης (nomothétēs, G3550) — a legislator ὁ (ho, G3588) — the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in English idiom) δύναμαι (dýnamai, G1410) — to be able or possible σώζω (sṓzō, G4982) — to save, i.e. deliver or protect (literally or figuratively) καί (kaí, G2532) — and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other… ἀπόλλυμι (apóllymi, G622) — to destroy fully (reflexively, to perish, or lose), literally or figuratively τίς (tís, G5101) — an interrogative pronoun, who, which or what (in direct or indirect questions) εἶ (eî, G1488) — thou art σύ (sý, G4771) — thou ὅς (hós, G3739) — the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that κρίνω (krínō, G2919) — by implication, to try, condemn, punish ἕτερος (héteros, G2087) — (an-, the) other or different
Quelle öffnen ↗ἄγε (áge, G33) — properly, lead, i.e. come on νῦν (nŷn, G3568) — "now" (as adverb of date, a transition or emphasis); also as noun or adjective present or… λέγω (légō, G3004) — properly, to "lay" forth, i.e. (figuratively) relate (in words (usually of systematic or… σήμερον (sḗmeron, G4594) — on the (i.e. this) day (or night current or just passed); generally, now (i.e. at… καί (kaí, G2532) — and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other… αὔριον (aúrion, G839) — properly, fresh, i.e. (adverb with ellipsis of G2250 (ἡμέρα)) to-morrow πορεύομαι (poreúomai, G4198) — to traverse, i.e. travel (literally or figuratively; especially to remove (figuratively,… εἰς (eis, G1519) — to or into (indicating the point reached or entered), of place, time, or (figuratively)… ὅδε (hóde, G3592) — the same, i.e. this or that one (plural these or those); often used as a personal pronoun πόλις (pólis, G4172) — a town (properly, with walls, of greater or less size) ποιέω (poiéō, G4160) — to make or do (in a very wide application, more or less direct) ἐκεῖ (ekeî, G1563) — there; by extension, thither εἷς (heîs, G1520) — one ἐνιαυτός (eniautós, G1763) — a year
Quelle öffnen ↗ὅστις (hóstis, G3748) — which some, i.e. any that; also (definite) which same ἐπίσταμαι (epístamai, G1987) — to put the mind upon, i.e. comprehend, or be acquainted with οὐ (ou, G3756) — the absolute negative (compare G3361 (μή)) adverb; no or not ὁ (ho, G3588) — the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in English idiom) αὔριον (aúrion, G839) — properly, fresh, i.e. (adverb with ellipsis of G2250 (ἡμέρα)) to-morrow γάρ (gár, G1063) — properly, assigning a reason (used in argument, explanation or intensification; often… ποῖος (poîos, G4169) — individualizing interrogative (of character) what sort of, or (of number) which one ὑμῶν (hymōn, G5216) — of (from or concerning) you ζωή (zōḗ, G2222) — life (literally or figuratively) ἐστί (estí, G2076) — he (she or it) is; also (with neuter plural) they are ἀτμίς (atmís, G822) — mist πρός (prós, G4314) — a preposition of direction; forward to, i.e. toward (with the genitive case, the side of,… φαίνω (phaínō, G5316) — to lighten (shine), i.e. show (transitive or intransitive, literal or figurative) ὀλίγος (olígos, G3641) — puny (in extent, degree, number, duration or value); especially neuter (adverbially)…
Quelle öffnen ↗Querverweise
Andere Stellen, die die Gemeinschaft am häufigsten mit dieser verbindet. Zum Lesen antippen.
Geliebte, ich ermahne euch als Fremdlinge und Pilgrime: Enthaltet euch von den fleischlichen Lüsten, welche wider die Seele streiten;
Denn das Fleisch gelüstet wider den Geist und den Geist wider das Fleisch; diese widerstreben einander, so daß ihr nicht tut, was ihr wollt.
ich sehe aber ein anderes Gesetz in meinen Gliedern, das dem Gesetz meiner Vernunft widerstreitet und mich gefangen nimmt in dem Gesetz der Sünde, das in meinen Gliedern ist.
Sondern ein jeder wird versucht, wenn er von seiner eigenen Lust gereizt und gelockt wird.
darum, weil die Gesinnung des Fleisches Feindschaft wider Gott ist; denn sie ist dem Gesetz Gottes nicht untertan, sie kann es auch nicht.
Überaus trügerisch ist das Herz und bösartig; wer kann es ergründen?
Tötet nun eure Glieder, die auf Erden sind: Unzucht, Unreinigkeit, Leidenschaft, böse Lust und die Habsucht, welche Götzendienst ist;
Als gehorsame Kinder gewöhnet euch nicht wieder die Begierden an, denen ihr früher in eurer Unwissenheit fröntet;
Ihr erlanget es nicht, weil ihr nicht bittet; ihr bittet und bekommt es nicht, weil ihr übel bittet, um es mit euren Wollüsten zu verzehren.
wobei ihr vor allem das wissen müßt, daß in den letzten Tagen Spötter kommen werden, die in ihrer Spötterei nach ihren eigenen Lüsten wandeln und sagen: